World leaders meet under shadow of wars and global divisions

World leaders will open their annual meeting at the UN General Assembly on Tuesday under the shadow of increasing global divisions, major wars in Gaza, Ukraine and Sudan and the threat of an even larger conflict in the wider Middle East.

Secretary-General Antonio Guterres previewed his opening State Of The World speech to presidents, prime ministers, monarchs and ministers at a previous Summit Of The Future, saying “our world is heading off the rails — and we need tough decisions to get back on track”.

He pointed to conflicts “raging and multiplying, from the Middle East to Ukraine and Sudan, with no end in sight” and to the global security system, which he said is “threatened by geopolitical divides, nuclear posturing, and the development of new weapons and theatres of war”.

He also cited huge inequalities, the lack of an effective global system to respond to emerging and even existential threats, and the devastating impact of climate change.

One notable moment at Tuesday’s opening assembly meeting: US President Joe Biden’s likely final major appearance on the world stage, a platform he has been on for decades.

US Ambassador Linda Thomas-Greenfield told reporters last week that the US focus in the assembly will be on ending “the scourge of war”, lamenting that roughly two billion people live in conflict-affected areas.

But she also said: “The most vulnerable around the world are counting on us to make progress, to make change, to bring about a sense of hope for them.”

Among other speakers on the opening day are Brazil’s President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva, Turkey’s President Recep Tayyip Erdogan, King Abdullah II of Jordan and Iran’s new President Masoud Pezeshkian.

The Iranian leader accused Israel on Monday of seeking a wider war in the Middle East and laying “traps” to lead his country into a broader conflict.

He pointed to the deadly explosions of pagers, walkie-talkies and other electronic devices in Lebanon last week, which he blamed on Israel, and the assassination of Hamas’s political leader Ismail Haniyeh in Tehran on July 31, hours after Mr Pezeshkian’s inauguration.

“We don’t want to fight,” the Iranian president said. “It’s Israel that wants to drag everyone into war and destabilise the region … They are dragging us to a point where we do not wish to go.”

Iran supports both Hamas in Gaza and Lebanon’s Hezbollah militants.

International Rescue Committee president David Miliband recalled that at the San Francisco conference in 1945 where the UN was established, then-US president Harry Truman pleaded with delegates to reject the premise that “might makes right” and reverse it to “right makes might”, which was enshrined in the UN Charter.

“Almost 80 years later, we have seen the terrible consequences of the failure to flip this equation,” Mr Miliband said. “In contexts like Gaza, Sudan and Ukraine, might is making right.”

Facing mounting global humanitarian needs, unchecked conflict, unmitigated climate change and growing extreme poverty, Mr Miliband challenged world leaders asking: “How will you strengthen, not weaken, the principles of the UN Charter for the next 80 years?”

The assembly’s annual meeting, which ends on September 30, followed the two-day Summit Of The Future, which adopted a blueprint aimed at bringing the world’s increasing divided nations together to tackle the challenges of the 21st century from conflicts and climate change to artificial intelligence and women’s rights.

The 42-page Pact For The Future challenges leaders of the 193 UN member nations to turn promises into real actions that make a difference to the lives of the world’s more than eight billion people.

“We are here to bring multilateralism back from the brink,” Mr Guterres said.

By adopting the pact, leaders unlocked the door, he said. “Now it is our common destiny to walk through it. That demands not just agreement, but action.”

At last year’s UN global gathering, Ukraine and its president, Volodymyr Zelensky, took centre stage. But as the first anniversary of Hamas’s deadly attack in southern Israel approaches on October 7, the spotlight is certain to be on the war in Gaza and escalating violence across the Israeli-Lebanon border, which is now threatening to spread to the wider Middle East.

Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas is scheduled to speak on Thursday morning and Israel’s Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu on Thursday afternoon.

Mr Zelensky will get the spotlight twice. He will speak on Tuesday afternoon at a high-level meeting of the UN Security Council called by the US, France, Japan, Malta, South Korea and Britain, whose foreign ministers are expected to attend. He will also address the General Assembly on Wednesday morning.